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Keine Evolution vom Einfachen zum Komplexen

Sind Gesellschaften, die keine komplexe Zahlsysteme besitzen “weniger entwickelt”? Nein. Wo kein Bedarf für das Zählen und große Zahlen besteht, werden auch keine komplexe Zahlsysteme entwickelt. Menschliche Kognitionen – und Zahlsysteme sind ein wichtiger Bestandteil davon – entwickeln sich vielmehr in Reaktion auf kulturelle Anforderungen. Das schreiben der Psychologe Sieghard Beller und die Ethnologin Andrea Bender im Blatt Science infolge einer Medieninformation der Uni Freiburg (Brsg).

Mit ihrer Analyse von Sprachen im pazifischem Raum konnten die beiden Forscher nicht nur gängige Annahmen zur Evolution von Zahlsystemen widerlegen, sondern auch zeigen, dass Zahlsysteme, die bisher als primitiv galten, in Wirklichkeit sehr effizient und vorteilhaft waren.

>> weiter in der Pressemitteilung

Aus der Zusammenfassung des Science-Artikels:

To sum up, the linguistic analysis reveals that the specific counting systems in Mangareva did not precede an abstract system but were rather derived from it, despite their nonabstract nature. And the cognitive analysis suggests that this was done deliberately and for rational purposes. This justifies the conclusion that a feature of apparently little efficiency, once taken as indicator for an earlier evolutionary step in numerical cognition, can be used to overcome another such feature.

Not all cultures value numbers in the same way, even if they are concerned with mathematical topics. In some cultures in Papua New Guinea, for instance, large power numerals were given up together with decimal systems and replaced by quinary or body-counting sequences. In other cultures, the reverse of this took place: Not satisfied with the restrictions posed by their inherited numeration system, many Polynesian cultures not only extended its limits of counting but also designed efficient strategies to cope with the cognitive difficulties of mental arithmetic. Both lines of development started from the same regularly decimal and abstract numeration system inherited from Proto-Oceanic and therefore speak against a linear evolution of numerical cognition. Numeration systems do not always evolve from simple to more complex and from specific to abstract systems.

There may be no other domain in the field of cognitive sciences where it is so obvious that language (i.e., the verbal numeration system) affects cognition (i.e., mental arithmetic). One of the two core systems of number hinges on language. If one’s language does not contain numerals beyond 1 and 2, calculating larger amounts is difficult, if not impossible. However, people are also very creative in adapting their cognitive and linguistic tools to cultural needs, and cases like those presented here add to our knowledge of how they achieve this.

SIEHE AUCH:

1, 2, viele: Die Pirahã in Brasilien kennen keine größeren Zahlwörter

Sind Gesellschaften, die keine komplexe Zahlsysteme besitzen "weniger entwickelt"? Nein. Wo kein Bedarf für das Zählen und große Zahlen besteht, werden auch keine komplexe Zahlsysteme entwickelt. Menschliche Kognitionen – und Zahlsysteme sind ein wichtiger Bestandteil davon – entwickeln sich vielmehr…

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ScientificCommons.org – The Open Access Search Engine

UPDATE: ScientificCommons was closed down in 2014

How can I find research papers and theses that are freely available? ScienceCommons is a search engine and portal that is still in beta but now lists 893 repositories (according to Peter Suber at Open Access News). A search for anthropology gives more that 44 000 hits but a quick check reveals that not all papers or theses are open access.

ScientificCommons.org is a project of the University of St.Gallen (Switzerland) and hosted and developed at the Institute for Media and Communications Management:

The major aim of the project is to develop the world’s largest communication medium for scientific knowledge products which is freely accessible to the public. A key challenge of the project is to support the rapidly growing number of movements and archives who admit the free distribution and access to scientific knowledge

>> visit ScientificCommons

There is another search engine as well: OAIster. There a search for anthropology gives 54679 records – but also included some papers with restricted access (f.ex. from journals like Current Anthropology)

See also 2007 Highlights over at Savage Minds: “2007 was a great year for the open access movement”.

SEE ALSO:

Already lots of publications in the open access anthropology repository Mana’o

2006 – The Year of Open Access Anthropology?

For Open Access: “The pay-for-content model has never been successful”

UPDATE: ScientificCommons was closed down in 2014

How can I find research papers and theses that are freely available? ScienceCommons is a search engine and portal that is still in beta but now lists 893 repositories (according to Peter Suber at…

Read more

Fredrik Barth: Angriperne var ikke var ute etter å ramme Norge

Dagbladets journalist Carsten Thomassen ble skutt og drept under et hotellangrep i Kabul igår. Taliban har påtatt seg skylden for angrepet. Fredrik Barth og andre Afghanistan-eksperter mener at NATO var hovedmålet – ikke Norge.

Til Stavanger Aftenblad sier antropolog Fredrik Barth:

– Det ville overrasket meg om Norge var målet. Det er mer et uttrykk for motstand mot Nato-alliansen og myndighetene i sin alminnelighet.

Han mener det ville gjort mindre skade om afghanske regjeringssoldater alene hadde stått for bekjempelse av Taliban. Når Nato står bak angrepene, rettes det et hat som kanaliseres inn mot de utenlandske troppene.

>> les hele saken i Aftenbladet

OPPDATERING:

Fredrik Barth: Ikke mulig å forhandle med Taliban (Nettavisen, 22.1.08)

SE OGSÅ:

Fredrik Barth: NATO må ut av Afghanistan

Fredrik Barth: “Jo tyngre NATO-krigføring, jo mer støtte til Taliban”

Fredrik Barth: – Pashtunerne godtar ikke at folk utenfra styrer dem

Fredrik Barth underviste Hæren om Afghanistan

– Norske antropologer bør si NEI – flere og flere antropologer jobber for Bush i Irak og Afghanistan

Dagbladets journalist Carsten Thomassen ble skutt og drept under et hotellangrep i Kabul igår. Taliban har påtatt seg skylden for angrepet. Fredrik Barth og andre Afghanistan-eksperter mener at NATO var hovedmålet - ikke Norge.

Til Stavanger Aftenblad sier antropolog Fredrik…

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Anthropological research: Online dating as disappointing as the real-life dating scene

Sounds familiar: People on online dating sites are experiencing frustration because it does seem that the internet in many ways is just the same old bar scene. This is one of the findings of research by anthropologist Susan E. Frohlick. She is conducting an ethnographic study of online dating among women age thirty and above.

She says the women on the one hand gained a sense of empowerment from their online dating experiences. But they still wanted the man to make the first move and expected him pick up the tab:

Women are finding it as a useful tool to enter into the dating world, they find that it’s safe, they find that they can be a little more bold than they would in face-to-face relationships. But, at the same time, they are experiencing frustration because it does seem that the internet in many ways is just the same old bar scene.

Complaints include a preponderance of men who are looking for much younger women, as well as men who misrepresent their looks, interests or marital status, or who show little interest in moving the relationship offline, she said.

>> read the whole story on News.com.au LINK UPDATED 30.6.18

Furthermore, women are hesitant to admit that they meet men through the Internet.

Frohlick says:

One of the most striking findings so far is that there’s a huge contradiction between what women say about the popularity of online dating sites on the one hand and, on the other hand, their own sense of almost shame, and certainly secrecy about it. They talk about how it’s for losers.

Frohlick says she hopes the study will shed more light on how the online dating world might be changing women’s sexuality. She would like to find more study participants from across Canada, including women who are looking for same-sex partners.

>> read more in Canoe.ca LINK NO LONGER AVAILABLE

She is part of the project “Surfing for Love” at the University of Manitoba. The study will be completed in May, 2008, and a summary of the results will be posted online, she writes on her homepage.

SEE ALSO:

Sexual anthropologist explains how technology changes dating, love and relationships

Denise Carter: The Birth of a Cyberethnographer

Ethnographic research on Friendster’s online communities

Cyberanthropology: “Second Life is their only chance to participate in religious rituals”

Sounds familiar: People on online dating sites are experiencing frustration because it does seem that the internet in many ways is just the same old bar scene. This is one of the findings of research by anthropologist Susan E. Frohlick.…

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More Podcasts by the Society for Applied Anthropology

Last year’s podcasts from the annual meeting of the Society for Applied Anthropology (SfAA) have received much attention. This year they are continuing the project, Jen Cardew writes on the SfAA-Podcast Blog. She is also looking for six team members who can participate in the podcasting project at the 2008 SfAA Annual Meeting, March 24 – 29, 2008, in Memphis, TN. The deadline for applications is January 28, 2008. >> more inforation on the SfAA-Podcast Blog

Last year's podcasts from the annual meeting of the Society for Applied Anthropology (SfAA) have received much attention. This year they are continuing the project, Jen Cardew writes on the SfAA-Podcast Blog. She is also looking for six team members…

Read more