anthropology in the news

(LINKS UPDATED 2.1.2023) (via Alexandre Enkerli at Disparate) “Excellent”, a reader comments Lila Abu-Lughod‘s article: The Muslim woman. The power of images and the danger of pity and adds:

Why do Anthropologists so seldom speak up when it’s more important than ever to understand and to respect each other instead of waging cultural wars without even knowing at whom the bombs are aiming. Anthropologists should have much more interesting things to tell than our politicians.

In this article, Lila Abu-Lughod critizes the images of muslim women that are constructed in the “West” especially after 9/11. “We have to resist the reductive interpretation of veiling as the quintessential sign of women’s unfreedom”, she writes:

Isn’t it a gross violation of women’s own understandings of what they are doing to simply denounce the burqa as a medieval or patriarchal imposition? Second, we shouldn’t reduce the diverse situations and attitudes of millions of Muslim women to a single item of clothing. Perhaps it is time to give up the black and white Western obsession with the veil and focus on some serious issues that feminists and others concerned with women’s lives should indeed be concerned with.

The West seems to be obsessed with this image of the “oppressed muslim women”. Why don’t we find images in Western media of Jordan’s national women’s basketball team in shorts or the Queen dining with a group of other cosmopolitan women, European and Jordanian, and you can’t tell the difference. Why are these not on the cover of the New York Times Magazine, representing Jordan, instead of the shrouded woman, the anthropologist wonders.

There are several problems with these images of veiled women, she explains:

First, they make it hard to think about the Muslim world without thinking about women, creating a seemingly huge divide between “us” and “them” based on the treatment or positions of women. This prevents us from thinking about the connections between our various parts of the world, helping setting up a civilizational divide.

Second, they make it hard to appreciate the variety of women’s lives across the Muslim or Middle Eastern worlds – differences of time and place and differences of class and region.

Third, they even make it hard for us to appreciate that veiling itself is a complex practice.

We should see these issues as complex as we see women issues in the “West”:

Even if we are critical of the treatment of women in our own societies in Europe or the United States, whether we talk about the glass ceiling that keeps women professionals from rising to the top, the system that keeps so many women-headed households below the poverty line, the high incidence of rape and sexual harassment, or even the exploitation of women in advertising, we do not see this as reflective of the oppressiveness of our culture or a reason to condemn Christianity – the dominant religious tradition. We know such things have complicated causes and we know that some of us, at least, are working to change things.

One of the most dangerous functions of these images of Muslim women is that they enable us to imagine that these women need rescuing by us or by our governments:

Like the missionaries, liberal feminists feel the need to speak for and on behalf of Afghan or other Muslim women in a language of women’s rights or human rights. They see themselves as an enlightened group with the vision and freedom to help suffering women elsewhere to receive their rights, to rescue them from their men or from their oppressive religious traditions.
(…)
Projects to save other women, of whatever kind, depend on and reinforce Westerners’ sense of superiority. They also smack of a form of patronizing arrogance that, as an anthropologist who is sensitive to other ways of living, makes me feel uncomfortable. I’ve spent lots of time with different groups of Muslim women and know something about how they see themselves, how they respect themselves, and how I admire and love them as complex and resourceful women.

Therefore, veiling should not be confused with a lack of agency or even traditionalism:

As I have argued in Veiled Sentiments, my ethnography of a Bedouin community in Egypt in the late 1970s and 1980s, pulling the black headcloth over the face in front of older respected men is considered a voluntary act by women who are deeply committed to being moral and have a sense of honour tied to family.
(…)
The modern Islamic modest dress that many educated women across the Muslim world have started to wear since the late 1970s now both publicly marks piety and can be read as a sign of educated urban sophistication, a sort of modernity. What many people in the West don’t realize is that the women in Egypt who took up this new form of headcovering, and sometimes even covering their faces, were university students – especially women studying to become medical doctors and engineers.

People are different. We should consider being respectful of other routes towards social change, she writes:

Is it impossible to ask whether there can be a liberation that is Islamic? This idea is being explored by many women, like those in Iran, who call themselves Islamic feminists. And beyond this, is liberation or freedom even a goal for which all women or people strive? Are emancipation, equality, and rights part of a universal language? Might other desires be more meaningful for different groups of people? Such as living in close families? Such as living in a godly way? Such as living without war or violence?

>> read the whole article in Eurozine

By the way, here in Norway, at the University in Oslo, the board of the union of Pakistani students now consists exclusively of girls women.

Mariam Javed, contact person at the student union, says:

– We generally see more involvement from the Norwegian-Pakistani girls women than from the guys men. The media often portray us as oppressed and dependent, but we are both talented and committed. That many of us wear hijabs signals that it is fully possible to be a Muslim girl women and still be involved in student activities.

– This may contribute to get rid of a lot of people’s idea of the Norwegian-Pakistani as a mental fanatic who subjugates his woman, says Ambreen Pervez, leader of Pakistansk Studentersamfunn (PSS), the union of Pakistani students in Oslo.

>> read the whole story in the student paper Universitas

UPDATE: Anthrpologist Daniel Martin Varisco was interviewed by the BBC about the history of veiling. Among other things he said that among the Islamized Berber Tuareg of Saharan Africa it was the men rather than women who veiled their faces to maintain social distance.

>> more on Tabsir: Speaking of Veiling (BBC Style)

SEE ALSO:

Interview with Lila Abu-Lughod on women and Islam in the wake of the American war in Afghanistan (Asiasource)

New book by Lila Abu-Lughod: The Politics of Television in Egypt

Wikipedia on Islamic feminism