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Vet ikke hva antropologi er for noe

“Dette er statsstøttet, norsk, hegemonisk sosialantropologi på ville veier”, skrev nylig journalist Arnt Folgerø. Han mislikte at antropologer studerer muslimer som enkeltindivider og sammenligner omskjæring med moderne former for kroppsmekking.

Det ser ut som om Folgerø ikke er helt oppdatert på det som antropologer driver med. Antropolog Berit Thorbjørnsrud svarer i et innlegg idag:

Muslimske kvinners valg og handlinger kan ikke forklares utelukkende som en konsekvens av at de er muslimer. Muslimske kvinner må – som andre – studeres og analyseres ut i fra alle de faktorer som påvirker deres liv.

Dette burde være banale poenger, men i en kronikk i Dagbladet 13. mai hevder Arnt Folgerø tvert i mot at en slik metodisk tilnærming ville føre til stryk i antropologi grunnfag. Han mener dessuten at dette ville føre til at man «eliminerer særpreg ved folk som bor i visse områder under visse tradisjoner og verdier». (…)

Når det gjelder påstanden om stryk i antropologi er det imidlertid Folgerø som er «på ville veier». Man får nemlig ikke eksamen i antropologi før man lærer å kontekstualisere de man studerer. Det vil nettopp si at alle mennesker må studeres og forklares ut i fra de faktorer som påvirker deres liv.

Dette bidrar ikke til å eliminere forskjeller mellom folkegrupper eller mellom individer innenfor disse. Tvert i mot er det slik vi lærer å forstå ulike livsverdener; hva som skaper dem og hva som bidrar til å endre dem. Og ikke minst, det er slik vi lærer å forstå hvordan ulike individer utvikler sine spesielle versjoner og strategier.

Å lese Koranen kan gi verdifull innsikt i ideer, regler og verdier svært mange muslimer verdsetter. Men Koranen kan ikke anvendes som en oppskriftsbok for å forstå konkrete handlinger utført av konkrete mennesker. Muslimer er akkurat like kompliserte og motsigelsesfulle som alle andre.

Ved å sammenligne ulike prakisiser i ulike deler av verden får en ny innsikt:

Sammenliknende studier har vist at alle folkegrupper anvender kroppsendrende teknikker. (…) Men hvorfor gjør folk dette? Hvorfor er de bokstavelig talt villige til å risikere liv og lemmer for å gjennomføre dem? Enkelte slike teknikker har flyttet på museum (for eksempel fotbinding), andre, som kvinnelig omskjæring, flytter forhåpentligvis etter. Samtidig florerer andre varianter, og man kan blant annet som fjernsynsunderholdning hver eneste uke oppleve kvinner som lar seg operere fra topp til tå.

Gjennom sammenliknende studier av disse ulike teknikkene har vi funnet viktige fellestrekk i forhold til individets behov for å uttrykke identitet, konstruksjon av kjønn, gruppedannelser, osv. Det er dessuten slike studier som kan bidra til å motarbeide åpenbart helseskadelige teknikker som omskjæring av kvinner.

>> les hele saken i Dagbladet

SE OGSÅ:

For mer kulturrelativisme

Antropologi – et ekstremt fag?

Forståelse varer lenger enn fordømmelse – om Aud Talles bok om kvinnelig omskjæring

"Dette er statsstøttet, norsk, hegemonisk sosialantropologi på ville veier", skrev nylig journalist Arnt Folgerø. Han mislikte at antropologer studerer muslimer som enkeltindivider og sammenligner omskjæring med moderne former for kroppsmekking.

Det ser ut som om Folgerø ikke er helt oppdatert…

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How to get more young readers? Associated Press turns to anthropologists

The number of young newspaper readers is declining. In order to better understand the behaviors of young readers, Associated Press commissioned a team of anthropologists to follow 18 young individuals around the world and examine their media habits, the Editors Weblog reports.

The Anthropologists found few major cultural differences. “The young digital consumers in Hyderabad were very similar to the ones in Silicon Valley in the United States”, said Jim Kennedy from AP.

The researchers uncovered the social aspects of reading news: Almost all of their informants shared news with each other, through text messages, emails and social networks. “These young consumers are looking up to news as a form of social currency”, Kennedy said.

Strangely enough, 16 of the 18 individuals consumed news through email, “a popular and powerful platform that often tends to be discounted by traditional media”, according to the Editors Weblog.

The full results of the study will be presented at the 2008 World Editors Forum in Gothenburg, Sweden, to be held June 1-4.

>> read the whole story on the Editors Weblog

SEE ALSO:

Ethnographic Study on “Digital Kids”

Why the head of IT should be an anthropologist: The true value of IT will come not from information or technology per se but from the social side

Introduction to “Media Worlds”: Media an important field for anthropology

Online: EASA-conference papers on media anthropology

The number of young newspaper readers is declining. In order to better understand the behaviors of young readers, Associated Press commissioned a team of anthropologists to follow 18 young individuals around the world and examine their media habits, the Editors…

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Ethnographic study: Social network sites are “virtual campfires”

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After five years participant observation, anthropologist Jenny Ryan has published her masters’ thesis about the social network sites Facebook, My Space and Tribe.net. She created a beautiful web version of her thesis at http://www.thevirtualcampfire.org/

In her thesis, she proposes that everyday involvement with these sites can be metaphorically represented as a “virtual campfire” that “bridges the gap between the place of the hearth and the space of the cosmos, potentially reversing what has been called “the disintegration of the public sphere” (Habermas 1962: 175).

She explains in her introduction:

Thousands of years ago, our early human ancestors gathered around campfires, creating communal hearths of warmth and light. There they might tell stories, converse about the day’s events, perhaps engage in shamanistic rituals involving plants, music and dance, or simply gaze silently at the flames in collective meditation.

Today, the fireplace in my family’s living room shares its centralizing power with the television, around which we gather with our laptops and cellphones by our sides. Our time spent together is increasingly mediated by new technologies, enabling new forms of storytelling, altering our processes of individual and collective identity formation, and extending the possibilities for creating and maintaining social relationships.

(…)

My central argument in this thesis is that online social networks can potentially serve as both places of the hearth and avenues to the cosmos. Over time, these sites function as personal records of one’s experiences and relationships. These archives are made up of a variety of forms akin to older modes of record keeping, such as address books, journals, diaries, photo albums, personal correspondences, and yearbooks.

Additionally, they serve as gateways to the greater milieu, enabling the circulation of information about the world and granting members the capacity to participate in various ways. For teenagers and marginalized groups, in particular, these sites can be safe spaces for exploring and experimenting with identity, as well as for connecting to new people and ideas.

Ryan plans to add interactive features to the website version of her thesis, maybe she’ll turn it into a wiki, she writes in her blog.

>> visit The Virtual Campfire

>> Jenny Ryan’s bog

SEE ALSO:

Cyberanthropology: “Second Life is their only chance to participate in religious rituals”

The Birth of a Cyberethnographer: The MU5 is to Blame

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Why anthropologists blog: Blogs more interesting than journals?

Another way of doing fieldwork: Developing websites with your informants!

Ethnographic research on Friendster’s online communities

How internet changes the life among the First Nations in Canada

Ethnographic Study About Life Without Internet: Feelings of Loss and Frustration

The Internet Gift Culture

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After five years participant observation, anthropologist Jenny Ryan has published her masters' thesis about the social network sites Facebook, My Space and Tribe.net. She created a beautiful web version of her thesis at http://www.thevirtualcampfire.org/

In her thesis, she proposes that everyday…

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Anthropology blogs more interesting than journals?

Have anthropology journals ignored students? Is this one of the reasons for the popularity of anthropology blogs? Anthropology journals are not well known among students, Owen Wiltshire writes in his class assignment Why do anthropologists blog? A mini ethnography, a story, and a field report:

A restrictive publishing environment gives little voice to students. Not only that, but anthropology journals have ignored students and perhaps in doing this they have missed out on generating a name for themselves. As more and more material becomes freely available online, it becomes a matter of knowing where to look – and my small survey of students revealed that journals are not well known.
(…)
My small survey revealed that students had a hard time identifying a prestigious journal in their field, and the survey from Savage Minds shows that graduate students make up a large percentage of the readership. In my exploration of blogs I found a number of graduate students writing them. So perhaps the limited distribution of academic publishing contributes to the desirability of the blogsphere.

Owen Wiltshire found much “interesting thought” in the blogosphere and wonders if journal publications would only serve for the purposes of gaining prestige: “Everything is being said in conversations elsewhere, but is ‘proved’ in journals”.

In his text, he discusses several reasons for why anthropologists blog – or do not blog. Among other things he talked to several anthropologists who wish there was more room for new ways of writing anthropology.

Several students don’t want to share their thoughts online because they fear of having ideas “stolen”:

Another anthropology professor discussed the way societies he had studied were hierarchical, depending on secrecy and not necessarily the democratic exchange of knowledge – but as my interviews revealed many students worry that ideas can be stolen, and this is perhaps another reason people might have to not blog. Anthropologists in this sense are a hierarchical organization too, and secrecy is indeed a reason many do not feel comfortable sharing or discussing their ideas.

Here is his prelimarlary summary:

Why do Anthropologists Blog?

  • Public engagement – feedback from beyond the discipline
  • Less formal – much broader range of style, more complex ways of manipulating knowledge
    (video, text, dynamic content)
  • Community, feedback. Enjoy discussing ideas with others.
  • Prestige – great place to get known, at least by other anthro bloggers
  • Younger generation growing up with online publishing – not worried about privacy as much
  • Perhaps an escape from work/professionalism when reflecting on anthropological ideas

Why Don’t Anthropologists Blog?

  • Fear that their work isn’t good enough
  • Do not want to have their name associated with it
  • Generally not part of internet culture – accessibility
  • Lack of time – anthropology is a professional topic – there aren’t many “amateur
    anthropologists” – although this is one thing many bloggers want to change
  • Fear of having ideas stolen – desire to “own” ideas.
  • Prefer traditional publishing mediums – books
  • Desire for more filtered knowledge
  • Desire to maintain privacy outside of work

Wiltshire explored this issue by participation in the blogosphere through his own blog, and reading and writing on numerous other anthropology blogs. He also discussed blogging, sharing information, and public engagement with a focus group of six students, and multiple interviews with students and one professor – all at Concordia University.

>> read the whole text on Wiltshire’s blog

>> Follow-up post: forced vs free writing: “Students ignore journals, just as much as journals ignore students”

Related issues are discussed by Erkan Saka in an e-seminar at the EASA Media Anthropology Network 19 May – 1 June 2008. “Blogging as a research tool for ethnographic fieldwork”.

SEE ALSO:

Plans to study anthropological online communities and Open Access movement

Interview with Michael Wesch: How collaborative technologies change scholarship

antropologi.info survey: Six anthropologists on Anthropology and Internet

Paper by Erkan Saka: Blogging as a Research Tool for Ethnographic Fieldwork

On fieldwork: “Blogging sharpens the attention”

Blogging and Public Anthropology: When free speech costs a career

Danah Boyd on Open Access: “Boycott locked-down journals”

Success in publishing defined by quality? Anthropology Matters on “The Politics of Publishing”

Have anthropology journals ignored students? Is this one of the reasons for the popularity of anthropology blogs? Anthropology journals are not well known among students, Owen Wiltshire writes in his class assignment Why do anthropologists blog? A mini ethnography,…

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Lila Abu Lughod: “In Israel and Palestine we have an amazing opportunity”

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(via CultureMatters) While Israelis celebrate the 60th anniversary of their state’s founding, Palestinians around the world are mourning the “Nakba” – or “catastrophe” – that drove so many into exile. SPIEGEL ONLINE interviewed anthropologist Lila Abu-Lughod on the Nakba and today’s Palestine.

Together with Ahmad Sa’di, she published the book “Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory”. Abu-Lughod’s father was Palestinian.

“I don’t see the anniversary as a time of mourning but as an occasion for trying to get the world to listen to what really happened and to think about how this should shape our vision of a solution”, she says:

Palestinians and Israelis are tightly entangled. Any resolution must involve a recognition of the fact that Israel was founded on the expulsion of Palestinians. Then we can think and talk together about restitution, redress, compensation, or whatever it takes for a more just way forward. In Israel and Palestine we have an amazing opportunity — to think about changing history by considering a democratic state with a living future for everyone.

The number of those who actually lived through the Nakba decreases every year. The Nakba commemoration has spurred storytelling, the anthropologist says:

Dr. Rosemary Sayigh, who has been interviewing Palestinians about their experiences for decades, describes her work as a race against time. But Diana Allan, an anthropologist from Harvard who has been videotaping old men and women in the refugee camps all over Lebanon to create a Nakba Archive, would be the first to insist that though it is important to get these stories, it should not distract us from the contemporary problems Palestinians face, in Lebanon and elsewhere.

I have been following with interest, though, the way this particular Nakba commemoration has galvanized people and spurred storytelling: a good example is the series of “untold stories” on the Web site of the Institute for Middle East Understanding.

>> read the whole interview in SPIEGEL ONLINE

For information on her book on Nakba, see the Columbia University Press blog, The Institute for Middle East Understanding, This Week in Palestine and the review on H-Net.

SEE ALSO:

Lila Abu-Lughod: It’s time to give up the Western obsession with veiled Muslim women

New book by Lila Abu-Lughod: The Politics of Television in Egypt

Interview with Lila Abu-Lughod on women and Islam in the wake of the American war in Afghanistan (Asiasource)

Anthropologists on the Israel-Lebanon conflict

“Voices”: Anthropologist publishes e-book about Palestinian women

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(via CultureMatters) While Israelis celebrate the 60th anniversary of their state's founding, Palestinians around the world are mourning the "Nakba" - or "catastrophe" - that drove so many into exile. SPIEGEL ONLINE interviewed anthropologist Lila Abu-Lughod on the Nakba and…

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