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The Internet Gift Culture

Cultures of Exchange and Gift economies are traditional anthropological topics. Famous are the Kula exchange in Melanesia, the Potlatch in Northwestern America, the Moka and often cited books are among others Marcel Mauss: The Gift and Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time.

Contrary to what many (esp. postmodernists) believe, modernisation and globalisation do not automatically lead to more individualism and “fluidity”. Internet and social software lead to the creation of new networks and to a revitalisation of cultures of exchange and gift economies.

As Judd Antin comments, Alireza Doostdar describes in his recent article “The Vulgar Spirit of Blogging” some of the ways that bloggers exchange links, trackbacks, and comments as a way of developing social networks and expanding blog readership.

Many of us know collaborative projects like the encyclopedia Wikipedia, photosharing at flickr and copyright based on sharing like Creative Commons. People help each other in online-forums and what should we all do without all the great freeware software, partly developed by the Open Source community?

One of the best places to stay informed on social software and networks is Dina Mehta’s Blog “Conversations with Dina”

There are many articles on internet gift economy.

Lars Risan: Open source movement is like things anthropologists have studied for a long time (Jill Walker)

Eduardo Navas: The Blogger as Producer. He reviews “The Hi-Tech Gift Economy” by Richard Barbrook who also has written “Giving is Receiving”

Steve McGookin: Politics, E-Mail And The Gift Economy (Forbes)

Eric Raymond: The Hacker Milieu as Gift Culture

Jem Matzan: The gift economy and free software (NewsForge) (updated link)

Howard Rheingold: The Internet and the Future of Money (see also Interview with Bernard Lietaer on complementary currencies and the Internet and info on LETS – local exchange trading systems)

David Zeitlyn: Gift economies and open source software: Anthropological reflections (pdf)

Eric Lease Morgan: Gift cultures, librarianship, and open source software development

Markus Giesler and Mali Pohlmann: The anthropology of file sharing: Consuming Napster as a Gift

First Monday – Internet Economics

Culture’s Open Sources (pdf, Anthropology Quarterly)

There are many more articles on the internet gift economy: http://opensource.mit.edu/online_papers.php

(post inspired by comments on More and more blogging anthropologists – but the digital divide persists)

UPDATE:

This post caused some funny comments in the Livejournal-community:

museumfreak writes:

*academictechgasm*
so . . . many . . . social . . . software . . . and . . . gift . . . economy . . . links . . .

Further down in in the comment-section apropos writes:
“all these new anthro blogs are freaking me out!” :)

Cultures of Exchange and Gift economies are traditional anthropological topics. Famous are the Kula exchange in Melanesia, the Potlatch in Northwestern America, the Moka and often cited books are among others Marcel Mauss: The Gift and Karl Polanyi, The Great…

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Musikkantropologi: Nytt bokprosjekt om musikk og globalisering

På Høyden (UiB )

Hvorfor får ikke flyktningers musikk innpass i den globale musikkindustrien? Hvorfor handler ikke World Music om betente emner som Darfur eller Aids? Dette er noen av spørsmålene Steven Feld reiser i sitt nye bokprosjekt om musikk og globalisering. Feld er en av verdens ledende forskere innen musikkantropologien, ikke minst kjent for monografien Sound and Sentiment (1982 og 1990). Dessuten driver han sitt eget plateselskap, hvor han utgir musikk som den globale musikkindustrien ikke vil vite av.

Feld vektlegger internett som et ypperlig og demokratisk supplement til de etablerte plateselskapene. CD-innspillinger fra hans eget selskap distribueres utelukkende over internett. – Internett er et fantastisk eksempel på likhet. Det er globalisering nedenfra, og dessuten et utmerket sted å distribuere musikk som store selskaper ikke vil utgi eller musikkbutikker ikke vil selge. – les mer

SE OGSÅ:
Steven Feld and Donald Brenneis: “Doing Anthropology in Sound” (American Ethnologist, November 2004)

På Høyden (UiB )

Hvorfor får ikke flyktningers musikk innpass i den globale musikkindustrien? Hvorfor handler ikke World Music om betente emner som Darfur eller Aids? Dette er noen av spørsmålene Steven Feld reiser i sitt nye bokprosjekt om musikk og…

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Savage Minds – our first anthropological newspaper?

The anthropology group blog Savage Minds is only five days old, but there are already lots of blog entries and even more comments – or you should rather call the entries for articles: they are well written, detailed – “ready to print”. It looks like as if Savage Minds is on its way to be the most important anthropology site on the net.

These are at least my euphoric thoughts after reading today’s posts Armchair Anthropology in the Cyber Age? (Topic: How the web changes anthropology and its methods) by Kerim Friedman and Alex Golub’s answer Anthropology and the Clash of Civilizations where he draws the attention to the influence of popular ethnocentric online-videogames on the relation between “us” and “them” and Dustin M. Wax’s reflections Nothing Is Just after an anthropology lecture he held. He discusses one of the most central issues in anthropology: “Nothing is Just. Filmmaking isn’t “just” making movies. Marriage isn’t “just” a marker of committment. Family isn’t “just” the people you are related to. Giving gifts isn’t “just” a form of exchange.”

Savage Minds makes one (once more) think of the old-fashioned publishing conventions in social science where only paper publications are “accepted”. Here in Norway, the Norwegian Anthropological Association has started to include debates on published articles in their journals. But how is discussion possible when you have to wait three months for the next issue? How up-to-date can paper journals be? Their reviews are about books that are at least two years old! In their last issue they were “happy to announce” that they are going to present some papers of their last years’ annual conference in their next issue. Maybe Savage Minds can change their mind?

The anthropology group blog Savage Minds is only five days old, but there are already lots of blog entries and even more comments - or you should rather call the entries for articles: they are well written, detailed - "ready…

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Anthropology and Counterinsurgency: The Strange Story of Their Curious Relations

Call you call it prostitution if anthropologists work for the military? Opinions are divided on this issue. As a pacifist, my answer is obvious. Others will stress that they’ve done their job as an anthropologist if they have succeeded in teaching soldiers cultural awareness and respect to other customs (as stated on a conference in Norway last year).

In a long article in Red Nova, cultural anthropologist Montgomery McFate discusses anthropologists’ possible role in the U.S. military. She criticizes anthropologists’ “retreat to the Ivory Tower” after the Vietnam War. Does she want anthropologists to take up their questionable role they played role during the colonial era? It seems so. She writes:

“From the foregoing discussion, it might be tempting to conclude that anthropology is absent from the policy arena because it really is “exotic and useless.” However, this was not always the case. Anthropology actually evolved as an intellectual tool to consolidate imperial power at the margins of empire.”

On CENSA’s website we read that McFate “has spent the past few years trying to convince the Department of Defense that cultural knowledge should be a national security priority”.

>> read the whole article on Red Nova

UPDATE (20.5.05): I’ve only quickly scanned the article. Shortly after, Savage Minds’ author Dustin M. Wax has written a detailed review (!) of the McFate’s article:

“Her long article is a backhanded compliment to stubborn anthropologists whose knowledge and expertise is “urgently needed in time of war” but who, “bound by their own ethical code and sunk in a mire of postmodernism”, “entirely neglect U.S. forces”. I’ll cut straight to the chase: a functioning anthropology can never be on the side of “U.S. forces”. This is a practical as well as an ethical argument—it simply is not possible, even were there enough anthropologists who shared McFate’s priorities.

>> continue

Call you call it prostitution if anthropologists work for the military? Opinions are divided on this issue. As a pacifist, my answer is obvious. Others will stress that they've done their job as an anthropologist if they have succeeded in…

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Bygdeliv, nabokrangel og gruppeidentitet

En liten morsom sak, skrevet av Tonje Brustuen på spaltet.net som kan ses som en oppfølging av saken om norske stammeidentiteter.

Et utdrag:

“Det er utrolig hva folk finner på for å lage seg gruppeidentitet. Vi lesjinger betraktes som usiviliserte, sammenlignet med våre naboer. De kaller oss indianere og sier vi bor i tipi. Vi ble aldri invitert på skolefester på Dombås eller Dovre, kan jeg huske. To veier går fra Dombås mot Lesja; den øverste kalles solsida og den nederste heter baksida, fordi den går bak elva. Det foregikk en ganske intens rivalisering mellom barn fra de to strekningene, og jeg føler fremdeles en form for samhold med baksidefolk…”

>> les hele teksten

PS: At naboene mobber hverandre er helt vanlig, det handler om å markere grenser og skape en gruppeidentitet. Slik kan også artikkelen leses “Svenskene mobbet nordmenn på 17. mai” der også Thomas Hylland Eriksen er blitt bedt om en kommentar.

En liten morsom sak, skrevet av Tonje Brustuen på spaltet.net som kan ses som en oppfølging av saken om norske stammeidentiteter.

Et utdrag:

"Det er utrolig hva folk finner på for å lage seg gruppeidentitet. Vi lesjinger betraktes som usiviliserte, sammenlignet med…

Read more