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Thesis: Hijab empowers women

What is it like being veiled and working in Australian companies? Anthropologist Siham Ouazzif sent me her thesis “Veiled Muslim Women in Australian Public Space: How do Veiled Women Express their Presence and Interact in the Workplace?

Siham Ouazzif conducted 16 in-depth interviews with Australian veiled women. They were well educated and held different professions from professors, psychologists, teachers to marketing managers.

Hijab and veiling are highly polarized issues today. So maybe it was no big surprise that her potential informants were sceptical in the beginning:

In the beginning of my research I soon realized that among my informants there was a feeling of scepticism at being part of a study that explored Muslim women’s issues. However as they came to know that I too was from a Muslim background I sensed they felt more at ease. Nearly all of the women expressed a sense of frustration at having been misrepresented in both the media and in other academic studies. They did not want to be part of a study that reinforced an image of veiled Muslim women as oppressed, backwards or limited. 

The anthropologist concludes:

In general they understood the hijab to be empowering and many concluded that being veiled and an active professional proved that wearing the hijab did not hinder women from achieving what they want.

 

The veil signified respect and control over public space. Most women gave the impression that the veil made them feel stronger as feminists in public, she writes.

Hadda who worked at a Microsoft company said:

When I started wearing the veil, I felt more in control and protected, men didn’t look at me in a sexual way, I felt respected and that made me feel more comfortable working with men.

But their muslim identity at the same time limited their relationships with their colleagues – especially outside the work place:

The women emphasized that their Islamic commitment was incompatible with non-Muslims way of socializing, especially because it involved alcohol. However, most of the women felt that co-workers treated them with respect and inclusion.
(…)
(M)ost women simply explained that, “In Islam I am not allowed to shake the hand of a man I am not related to,” although a few avoided explaining this to their male colleagues for fear of being impolite. In this way the veil transformed into a physical separation between male co-workers and the women. But most of the women also said they felt more comfortable in their interaction with men, because the hijab restrained sexual flirtation or the sharing of inappropriate jokes.

Of course, stereotypes about suppressed muslim women in the media that were also shared by some colleagues, made the women frustrated and angry. However the majority of women believed strongly that positive changes would appear in time:

Most believed that the increasing number of Muslim women actively interacting and engaging in the Australian society would change people’s stereotypes.

For the women, wearing a hijab is like bearing the flag of islam:

Amongst my informants veiling was far from extremism or an experience of oppression but rather a public statement and as some women confirmed explicitly, wearing the veil is like bearing the flag of Islam, an identity they wished to preserve.
(…)
Motivations for veiling seemed to transform in meaning: sometimes it was related to religious identity, sometimes to a gendered political resistance. The interesting response was not so much their explicit answer for why they veiled or what the veil signified to them in a non-Muslim society, but rather how they understood the concept of veiling in Australia where they constitute a minority.
(…)
Veiling as a form of protest or resistance was present in the women statements. For some of these women veiling was used as a symbol to make a public statement to support the Muslim world. However most women seemed to think that it is was not political but more as an identity.

Interestingly, of all the fifteen women she spoke with only three knew which verses in the Koran mentions the head cover. Nevertheless all confirmed that the veil was compulsory in Islam.

>> download the thesis “Veiled Muslim Women in Australian Public Space: How do Veiled Women Express their Presence and Interact in the Workplace?”

Siham Ouazzif has also written the article (Norwegian only) Hijab i vesten og de mange motiver (Kvinner sammen 2/2007)

SEE ALSO:

Lila Abu-Lughod: It’s time to give up the Western obsession with veiled Muslim women

Phd-Thesis: That’s why they embrace Islam

What is it like being veiled and working in Australian companies? Anthropologist Siham Ouazzif sent me her thesis "Veiled Muslim Women in Australian Public Space: How do Veiled Women Express their Presence and Interact in the Workplace?"

Siham Ouazzif…

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Antropolog forsker på spøkelser

Underlige lyder på mobilen. Fjernsynet skifter kanal av seg selv. CD-spilleren spiller den samme sangen om og om igjen selv om eieren hadde slått den av. Også akademikere med høye grader ser ting som de har lært å ikke tro på. Antropolog Kirsten Marie Raahauge forsker på danskenes opplevelser av uforklarlige fenomener, melder videnskab.dk.

I en gruppe på 5-10 mennesker vil det nesten alltid være én, som har opplevd noe merkelig eller kjenner en annen som har sett spøkelser, forteller antropologen:

De ved ikke, hvad de skal gøre, for de regner med, at de er alene om deres erfaringer. Det er ganske normale mennesker fra alle samfundslag, som bliver påvirkede af at støde ind i først et spøgelse og siden et tabu.

I Afrika, Asien, Sydamerika og andre regioner for klassisk etnografisk feltarbejde er det helt normalt for lokalbefolkningen at tale om fænomener, som ligger ud over vores forståelse. Det er jo det stik modsatte af herhjemme, hvor vi gør et stort nummer ud af at holde det uforklarlige ude af vores liv.

Vi vil så gerne kategorisere verden, fordi den er langt mere kaotisk, end vi gerne ville have. Vi lægger ting i positivistiske kasser for at finde mening, også selvom kasserne ikke altid passer. Noget af det, der falder udenfor, kalder vi spøgelser.

I artikkelen får vi mange eksempler på spøkelser. De fins ikke bare på kirkegårder og gamle slott, men i et hvilket som helst hus. Spøkelsene lager gammel dansk mat på barnerommet, spiller tuba eller kaster marmorkuler over gulvet. Spøkelsene får enkelte familier til å flytte til et annet hus. Andre derimot tar opp kampen med dem.

Raahauges prosjekt “Hjemsøgte huse” er del av det større prosjektet “Fornuftens grænseflade” om magi i Danmark (sidene er nede for tida)

>> les hele saken på videnskab.dk

OPPDATERING 19.8.09: Dagbladet har tatt opp saken. Mina Hauge Nærland har skrevet en større sak i Magasinet, se Plaget av spøkelser under kjellertrappen

SE OGSÅ:

Magi og trolldom i Hallingdal: Pass deg for Haugafolket!

Forsker på synske dansker

– Märthas tro på engler er ikke ekstrem

Antropolog: “På børsen driver en med magi og ritualer”

World Cup Witchcraft: European Teams Turn to Magic for Aid

– Kommunikasjonsrådgivere er heksedoktorer

Underlige lyder på mobilen. Fjernsynet skifter kanal av seg selv. CD-spilleren spiller den samme sangen om og om igjen selv om eieren hadde slått den av. Også akademikere med høye grader ser ting som de har lært å ikke tro…

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Vil kartlegge det samiske Salten

Hvem kaller seg samer i Salten i dag, og hvem er sjøsamene? Finnes det en sjøsamisk kofte? Hva skjedde når jordbruket fortrengte samene og når nordsamisk reindrift kom inn over pitesamisk område?

Det er gjort veldig lite forskning på det samiske Salten, men nå skal historiker Bjørg Evjen, arkeolog Sven-Donald Hedman og sosialantropolog Johnny-Leo Jernsletten fra Senter for samiske studier ved Universitetet i Tromsø sette igang et forskningsprosjekt med tema pitesamer.

>> les hele saken i Saltenposten

>> pitesamisk.no – Nettsiden til Pitesamisk forening med info om pitesamer

SE OGSÅ:

Bjørg Evjen – den første professoren i urfolksstudier

Religiøse motiver bak fornorskningen av samene

Avkoloniserer Sapmi med joiken

Stor interesse for “världens första doktor i jojkberättelser”

For første gang i Norge: Holdt disputas på samisk

Ny ordbok skaper sørsamisk optimisme

Tromsø Museum har lagt ut samenes historie på nett

Hvem kaller seg samer i Salten i dag, og hvem er sjøsamene? Finnes det en sjøsamisk kofte? Hva skjedde når jordbruket fortrengte samene og når nordsamisk reindrift kom inn over pitesamisk område?

Det er gjort veldig lite forskning på det…

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Militarisation of Research: Meet the Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation

We have discussed a lot about the strengthening ties between the military and universities in the USA and Britain, but similar things are happening in Scandinavia. And there is no public debate about it here.

One example is a research center that was founded last year by the Danish Ministry of Defence: the Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation.

It is part of the Department of Political Science at the University of Aarhus and focuses according to the website on radicalisation, ideologies and the international consequences of “Islamism”:

The Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation will assemble anthropologists, sociologists, political scientists and theologians, who can contribute to the understanding of what happens when Islam becomes a political ideology with the objective of overthrowing Governments.

And the role of anthropologists? (source):

The anthropological part of the project will mainly focus on processes of radicalisation, on how radicalisation manifests itself gradually, through adaptation of new world views, values and lifestyle. Data will be collected through field work and surveys. The main hypothesis is that interaction between an individual in search for identity and a radicalised group play an important role in the process of radicalisation.

It is described as an independent research institute but I wonder how free it is when the establishment of the research center is part of the U.S-led “war on terror” and the premises are so clear. The project regards terrorism as a phenomenon that is mainly linked to islam. “Islamism” is according to the Minister of Defence, Søren Gade, the biggest threat to peace on earth. The Minister of Defence said that the research findings will play a central part in Denmarks policy in their so-called “war on terror”.

This world view is also reflected in many project descriptions, for example “Islamic Radicalisation among Muslims in Denmark. A Policy-oriented Empirical Study” by Shahamak Rezaei and Marco Goli:

Islamism is designated as the primary enemy of the democratic world, the omnipresent threat, and when, at the time of writing, at least two major wars are being fought against Islamism (in Afghanistan and Iraq). A vast number of billions drained from the Western state funds are being invested in national and international security.

The aim of this project is to provide empirical knowledge about factors that characterise the processes of radicalisation among young Muslims, e.g. from faith to politics, from religion to ideology, from civic society to the enemy.

The project’s key empirical questions to be answered are:
1. Which processes characterise the movement from “normal”, cultural or religious Muslims to radical Islamists, mainly from the group of young Danes with an immigrant background from third countries?
2. What motivates this process?
3. How can we identify radical Muslims?

Or take a look at Lene van der Aa Kühle’s project, called “The Cultic Milieu“:

The development of a European Islam has not followed the expectations of most researchers. Instead of forming and reforming in a liberal and secularized manner, radical Islam has developed as perhaps the most distinctive form of European Islam.

But the question of why some Muslims become radical has not been easy to answer. Studies propose that there is no single pattern which can explain how and why some young European Muslims become radical. Marginalization, deprivation and resentment may provide part of the explanation, but Muslims who are radicalized are often fairly well integrated and at least not any more marginalized and deprived than large part of the Muslim community.

Studies have failed to find any psychological deficiencies and while the impact of radical religious authorities seems in some cases to have had an influence, in others the process seems to be one of self-radicalization.

Then there is one project with a different perspective. Jonathan Githens-Mazer actually challenges much of what is said on the website. From his description of his project “Causes and Process of Radicalisation among Young Muslims in Leicester (UK)“:

While there exists a very real threat of violent extremism in the UK, this threat comes from an extremely small minority, and many young Muslims feel as though they are under constant surveillance and scrutiny despite rejecting any form of political violence.

These same young people also often feel as though their own individual efforts to empower communities to be resilient against violent radicalisation and violent extremism aren’t being understood and/or heralded by non-Muslim communities, politicians and the police and security services.

This project will seek to act as a corrective to this neglect of Muslim community perspectives on issues of radicalisation and violent extremism – by conducting a series of qualitative structured interviews with young Muslims, their parents, community social workers and Imams from Leicester (UK).

I’m not 100% sure what I should think of this but it reminds me of a British initiative, see my earler post Protests against British research council: “Recruits anthropologists for spying on muslims”

There are lots of papers and links on the website that might be worth a study. Among the institutions they link to, we find The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence.

Maximilian Forte has written several interesting posts on his Open Anthropology blog recently, among others What are the Pentagon’s Minerva Researchers Doing? and Militarizing the Social Sciences and Humanities in Canada

SEE ALSO:

The dangerous militarisation of anthropology

“War on terror”: CIA sponsers anthropologists to gather sensitive information / see also debate on this on Savage Minds

Fieldwork reveals: Bush administration is lying about the “war on terror” in the Sahara

Anthropology and Counterinsurgency: The Strange Story of Their Curious Relations

Two Books Explore the Sins of Anthropologists Past and Present

Cooperation between the Pentagon and anthropologists a fiasco?

We have discussed a lot about the strengthening ties between the military and universities in the USA and Britain, but similar things are happening in Scandinavia. And there is no public debate about it here.

One example is a research…

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Cecil Helman has passed away

cecil helman

Shortly after I wrote about Olivia Harris’ death I was informed about the death of medical anthropologist Cecil Helman.

Helman was both anthropologist, doctor and poet. He combined both clinical and anthropological perspectives on a variety of issues in health, illness, and medical care. He was also interested in the role of narrative and creative writing in health and illness.

His textbook in medical anthropology, Culture, Health and Illness has been used in more than 40 different countries. Two years ago he won the Medical Journalists Association Book Award for his chronicle of life as a familiy practitioner, Suburban Shaman: a journey through medicine.

>> Tribute to Dr Cecil Helman (Medical Humanities, 17.6.09)

>> RIP Cecil Helman (Book South Africa, 18.6.09)

>> Obituary for Dr. Cecil Helman (University College London, 22.6.09)

>> Cecil Helman’s website

See also reviews of some of his books like Irregular Numbers of Beasts and Birds, Medical Anthropology and Suburban Shaman: a journey through medicine

cecil helman

Shortly after I wrote about Olivia Harris' death I was informed about the death of medical anthropologist Cecil Helman.

Helman was both anthropologist, doctor and poet. He combined both clinical and anthropological perspectives on a variety of issues in health, illness,…

Read more